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Versions of Tor before 0. Starting with 0. The stuff in parenthesis is optional. Only one release is ever made with any given set of these version numbers. The TAG lets you know how stable we think the release is: "alpha" is pretty unstable; "rc" is a release candidate; and no tag at all means that we have a final release.

So for example, we might start a development branch with say 0. The patchlevel increments consistently as the status tag changes, for example, as in: 0. Eventually, we would release 0. The next stable release would be 0.

Why do we do it like this? Because every release has a unique version number, it is easy for tools like package manager to tell which release is newer than another. The tag makes it easy for users to tell how stable the release is likely to be. To set up your own Tor network, you need to run your own authoritative directory servers, and your clients and relays must be configured so they know about your directory servers rather than the default public ones.

Apart from the somewhat tedious method of manually configuring a couple of directory authorities, relays and clients there are two separate tools that could help. One is Chutney, the other is Shadow. Chutney is a tool for configuring, controlling and running tests on a testing Tor network. It requires that you have Tor and Python 2. You can use Chutney to create a testing network by generating Tor configuration files torrc and necessary keys for the directory authorities.

Then you can let Chutney start your Tor authorities, relays and clients and wait for the network to bootstrap. Finally, you can have Chutney run tests on your network to see which things work and which do not. Chutney is typically used for running a testing network with about 10 instances of Tor. Every instance of Tor binds to one or two ports on localhost Shadow is a network simulator that can run Tor through its Scallion plug-in.

Shadow can be run on any linux machine without root, and can also run on EC2 using a pre-configured image. Also, Shadow controls the time of the simulation with the effect that time-consuming tests can be done more efficiently than in an ordinary testing network. The Shadow wiki and Shadow website are good places to get started. A fully Java implementation of the Tor client is now available as Orchid. We still consider Orchid to be experimental, so use with care.

One is multithreading: you have a separate micro-program inside the main program for each net connection that reads and writes to the connection as needed. This, performance-wise, sucks. And the newest ways are finally fast, but are not available on all platforms.

However, On the the Win32 platform by Microsoft the only good way to do fast IO on windows with hundreds of sockets is using overlapped IO, which is grossly unlike every other BSD sockets interface. Internet communication is based on a store-and-forward model that can be understood in analogy to postal mail: Data is transmitted in blocks called IP datagrams or packets.

Every packet includes a source IP address of the sender and a destination IP address of the receiver , just as ordinary letters contain postal addresses of sender and receiver. The way from sender to receiver involves multiple hops of routers, where each router inspects the destination IP address and forwards the packet closer to its destination.

Thus, every router between sender and receiver learns that the sender is communicating with the receiver. In particular, your local ISP is in the position to build a complete profile of your Internet usage. In addition, every server in the Internet that can see any of the packets can profile your behaviour.

The aim of Tor is to improve your privacy by sending your traffic through a series of proxies. Your communication is encrypted in multiple layers and routed via multiple hops through the Tor network to the final receiver. Note that all your local ISP can observe now is that you are communicating with Tor nodes. Similarly, servers in the Internet just see that they are being contacted by Tor nodes.

First, Tor prevents websites and other services from learning your location, which they can use to build databases about your habits and interests. Because these relays are run by different individuals or organizations, distributing trust provides more security than the old one hop proxy approach.

Note, however, that there are situations where Tor fails to solve these privacy problems entirely: see the entry below on remaining attacks. Yes, the guy running the exit node can read the bytes that come in and out there. Tor anonymizes the origin of your traffic, and it makes sure to encrypt everything inside the Tor network, but it does not magically encrypt all traffic throughout the Internet.

This is why you should always use end-to-end encryption such as SSL for sensitive Internet connections. First, Tor protects the network communications. It separates where you are from where you are going on the Internet. What content and data you transmit over Tor is controlled by you.

However, since you have logged into their sites, they know who you are. These binary applications run as your user account with your permissions in your operating system. This means these applications can access anything that your user account can access. Some of these technologies, such as Java and Adobe Flash for instance, run in what is known as a virtual machine.

This virtual machine may have the ability to ignore your configured proxy settings, and therefore bypass Tor and share information directly to other sites on the Internet. The virtual machine may be able to store data, such as cookies, completely separate from your browser or operating system data stores. Therefore, these technologies must be disabled in your browser to use Tor safely. We produce a web browser that is preconfigured to help you control the risks to your privacy and anonymity while browsing the Internet.

Not only are the above technologies disabled to prevent identity leaks, Tor Browser also includes browser extensions like NoScript and Torbutton, as well as patches to the Firefox source code. The full design of Tor Browser can be read here. The Tails team has created an entire bootable operating system configured for anonymity and privacy on the Internet. Tor is a work in progress.

Further, the Tor client establishes an ephemeral encryption key with each relay in the circuit; these extra layers of encryption mean that only the exit relay can read the cells. Authentication : Every Tor relay has a public decryption key called the "onion key". Each relay rotates its onion key once a week. Coordination : How do clients know what the relays are, and how do they know that they have the right keys for them?

Each relay has a long-term public signing key called the "identity key". Each directory authority additionally has a "directory signing key". The directory authorities dir-spec. How do clients know what the directory authorities are? The Tor software comes with a built-in list of location and public key for each directory authority. So the only way to trick users into using a fake Tor network is to give them a specially modified version of the software.

Tor like all current practical low-latency anonymity designs fails when the attacker can see both ends of the communications channel. For example, suppose the attacker controls or watches the Tor relay you choose to enter the network, and also controls or watches the website you visit. In this case, the research community knows no practical low-latency design that can reliably stop the attacker from correlating volume and timing information on the two sides.

So, what should we do? Suppose the attacker controls, or can observe, C relays. Suppose there are N relays total. But profiling is, for most users, as bad as being traced all the time: they want to do something often without an attacker noticing, and the attacker noticing once is as bad as the attacker noticing more often. Thus, choosing many random entries and exits gives the user no chance of escaping profiling by this kind of attacker. The solution is "entry guards": each Tor client selects a few relays at random to use as entry points, and uses only those relays for her first hop.

Restricting your entry nodes may also help against attackers who want to run a few Tor nodes and easily enumerate all of the Tor user IP addresses. Tor will reuse the same circuit for new TCP streams for 10 minutes, as long as the circuit is working fine. If the circuit fails, Tor will switch to a new circuit immediately. But note that a single TCP stream e.

Otherwise an adversary with a partial view of the network would be given many chances over time to link you to your destination, rather than just one chance. The actual content of these fixed size cells is documented in the main Tor spec , section 3.

We have been considering one day adding two classes of cells -- maybe a 64 byte cell and a byte cell. This would allow less overhead for interactive streams while still allowing good throughput for bulk streams. It holds open a handful of connections so there will be one available when you need one. An adversary with a great deal of manpower and money, and severe real-world penalties to discourage people from trying to evade detection, is a difficult test for an anonymity and anti-censorship system.

After seeing these attacks and others first-hand, more effort was put into researching new circumvention techniques. Pluggable transports are protocols designed to allow users behind government firewalls to access the Tor network. These attacks come from examining characteristics of the IP headers or TCP headers and looking for information leaks based on individual hardware signatures.

One example is the Oakland paper that lets you learn if two packet streams originated from the same hardware, but only if you can see the original TCP timestamps. Tor transports TCP streams, not IP packets, so we end up automatically scrubbing a lot of the potential information leaks. Do not use a VPN as an anonymity solution. VPNs encrypt the traffic between the user and the VPN provider, and they can act as a proxy between a user and an online destination.

A technically proficient attacker or a number of employees could retrieve the full identity information associated with a VPN user. Identities can be discovered by following a money trail using Bitcoin does not solve this problem because Bitcoin is not anonymous , or by persuading the VPN provider to hand over logs. When you use a VPN, websites can still build up a persistent profile of your usage over time. When you use Tor the IP address you connect to changes at most every 10 minutes, and often more frequently than that.

Proxychains is a program that sends your traffic through a series of open web proxies that you supply before sending it on to your final destination. Unlike Tor , proxychains does not encrypt the connections between each proxy server. An open proxy that wanted to monitor your connection could see all the other proxy servers you wanted to use between itself and your final destination, as well as the IP address that proxy hop received traffic from.

Because the Tor protocol requires encrypted relay-to-relay connections, not even a misbehaving relay can see the entire path of any Tor user. While Tor relays are run by volunteers and checked periodically for suspicious behavior, many open proxies that can be found with a search engine are compromised machines, misconfigured private proxies not intended for public use, or honeypots set up to exploit users.

As mentioned above, it is possible for an observer who can view both you and either the destination website or your Tor exit node to correlate timings of your traffic as it enters the Tor network and also as it exits. Tor does not defend against such a threat model.

In a more limited sense, note that if a censor or law enforcement agency has the ability to obtain specific observation of parts of the network, it is possible for them to verify a suspicion that you talk regularly to your friend by observing traffic at both ends and correlating the timing of only that traffic. Again, this is only useful to verify that parties already suspected of communicating with one another are doing so.

In most countries, the suspicion required to obtain a warrant already carries more weight than timing correlation would provide. Furthermore, since Tor reuses circuits for multiple TCP connections, it is possible to associate non anonymous and anonymous traffic at a given exit node, so be careful about what applications you run concurrently over Tor. Perhaps even run separate Tor clients for these applications. Read these papers especially the ones in boxes to get up to speed on anonymous communication systems.

Requiring every Tor user to be a relay would help with scaling the network to handle all our users, and running a Tor relay may help your anonymity. Providing service to these clients is a critical part of providing effective anonymity for everyone, since many Tor users are subject to these or similar constraints and including these clients increases the size of the anonymity set. That said, we do want to encourage Tor users to run relays, so what we really want to do is simplify the process of setting up and maintaining a relay.

First, we need to make Tor stable as a relay on all common operating systems. See Section 4. Second, we still need to get better at automatically estimating the right amount of bandwidth to allow. Third, we need to work on scalability, both of the network how to stop requiring that all Tor relays be able to connect to all Tor relays and of the directory how to stop requiring that all Tor users know about all Tor relays. Changes like this can have large impact on potential and actual anonymity.

Again, UDP transport would help here. Three different research papers describe ways to identify the relays in a circuit by running traffic through candidate relays and looking for dips in the traffic while the circuit is active. These clogging attacks are not that scary in the Tor context so long as relays are never clients too.

This would be handy, because it would make Tor better able to handle new protocols like VoIP, it could solve the whole need to socksify applications, and it would solve the fact that exit relays need to allocate a lot of file descriptors to hold open all the exit connections. Some of the hard problems are:. Right now the path length is hard-coded at 3 plus the number of nodes in your path that are sensitive. Remember that the best way to attack Tor is to attack the endpoints and ignore the middle of the path.

Currently there is no reason to suspect that investigating a single relay will yield user-destination pairs, but if many people are using only a single hop, we make it more likely that attackers will seize or break into relays in hopes of tracing users. Now, there is a good argument for making the number of hops in a path unpredictable. Choosing path length from, say, a geometric distribution will turn this into a statistical attack, which seems to be an improvement.

On the other hand, a longer path length is bad for usability, and without further protections it seems likely that an adversary can estimate your path length anyway. Please write a research paper that tells us what to do. It is better to not manually change the path. There are many attacks and adversaries that Tor is trying to defend against at once, and constraining paths has surprising trickle-down effects on the other attacks e. Picking your entry and exit in different countries is not a good defence, because it only defends against adversaries that are unable to rent servers in other countries.

This approach is more well-understood in the context of high-latency systems. See e. This would be great for two reasons. Second, it is conceivable that we could get increased security against certain attacks by migrating streams periodically, since leaving a stream on a given circuit for many hours might make it more vulnerable to certain adversaries. There are two problems though.

First, Tor would need a much more bulky protocol. Right now each end of the Tor circuit just sends the cells, and lets TCP provide the in-order guaranteed delivery. If we can move streams across circuits, though, we would need to add queues at each end of the circuit, add sequence numbers so we can send and receive acknowledgements for cells, and so forth. These changes would increase the complexity of the Tor protocol considerably.

Circuits are typically three hops long, so in about a third of the cases we just lose. But there are still some approaches we can take to improve the reliability of streams. The main approach we have now is to specify that streams using certain application ports prefer circuits to be made up of stable nodes. These ports are specified in the "LongLivedPorts" torrc option, and they default to. The definition of "stable" is an open research question, since we can only guess future stability based on past performance.

Right now we judge that a node is stable if it advertises that it has been up for more than a day. Down the road we plan to refine this so it takes into account the average stability of the other nodes in the Tor network. You cannot trust the network to pick the path for relays could collude and route you through their colluding friends. This would give an adversary the ability to watch all of your traffic end to end.

The default exit policy blocks certain private net blocks, like Some overzealous firewall configs suggest that you also block all the parts of the Internet that IANA has not currently allocated. Second, why should we default-reject something that might one day be useful? It would be nice to let relay operators say things like "reject www. There are two problems, though. First, users could still get around these blocks. For example, they could request the IP address rather than the hostname when they exit from the Tor network.

This means operators would still need to learn all the IP addresses for the destinations in question. The second problem is that it would allow remote attackers to censor arbitrary sites. For example, if a Tor operator blocks www1. Tor only transports data, it does not inspect the contents of the connections which are sent over it. Further, and more importantly, which definition of "certain content" could we use?

Every choice would lead to a quagmire of conflicting personal morals. The only solution is to have no opinion. Like all anonymous communication networks that are fast enough for web browsing, Tor is vulnerable to statistical "traffic confirmation" attacks, where the adversary watches traffic at both ends of a circuit and confirms their guess that those endpoints are communicating.

It would be really nice if we could use cover traffic to confuse this attack. But there are three problems here:. We hope that one day somebody will prove us wrong, but we are not optimistic. We did however since implement netflow padding to collapse netflow records for improved security. This has the goal of stymying some of the potential traffic analysis attacks out there -- website fingerprinting, end-to-end correlation, and the things in between.

For details see the blog post by the Tor network team, the announcement on the tor-dev mailinglist or read further publications on padding. Many people suggest that we should use steganography to make it hard to notice Tor connections on the Internet.

There are a few problems with this idea though:. First, in the current network topology, the Tor relays list is public and can be accessed by attackers. How is Tor different from other proxies? What programs can I use with Tor? Why is it called Tor? Is there a backdoor in Tor? Can I distribute Tor? How can I get support? Why is Tor so slow? How can I share files anonymously through Tor? What would The Tor Project do with more funding?

How can I tell if Tor is working, and that my connections really are anonymized? Can I use Tor on my phone or mobile device? Which outbound ports must be open when using Tor as a client? How do I use my browser for ftp with Tor? Does Tor remove personal information from the data my application sends? How many people use Tor? How many relays or exit nodes are there? Compilation and Installation: How do I uninstall Tor? What are these "sig" files on the download page?

Your website is blocked in my country. How do I download Tor? Why does my Tor executable appear to have a virus or spyware? How do I open a. Is there a LiveCD or other bundle that includes Tor? Can I install other Firefox extensions? Which extensions should I avoid using? Why does Google show up in foreign languages? Gmail warns me that my account may have been compromised. How do I make Tor Browser use the tor that is already running on the system? Which environment variables does Tor Launcher respect?

Tor Browser 3. How do I verify the download shasums. Why does "New Identity" close all my open tabs? How do I configure Tor as a relay or bridge? Why are the file timestamps from ? Where is the source code for Tor Browser? How do I verify a build? What does that mean? What log level should I use? My Tor keeps crashing. My firewall only allows a few outgoing ports. Is there a list of default exit ports? Should I worry?

I want to run my Tor client on a different computer than my applications. Can I install Tor on a central server, and have my clients connect to it? Running a Tor relay: How do I decide if I should run a relay? What type of relays are most needed? Can I run a Tor relay using a dynamic IP address? Can I use IPv6 on my relay? Why do I get portscanned more often when I run a Tor relay? How can I get Tor to fully make use of my high capacity connection?

How stable does my relay need to be? What bandwidth shaping options are available to Tor relays? How can I limit the total amount of bandwidth used by my Tor relay? Why does my relay write more bytes onto the network than it reads? Why can I not browse anymore after limiting bandwidth on my Tor relay? Should I install Tor from my package manager, or build from source? What is the BadExit flag? I got the BadExit flag.

Why did that happen? My relay recently got the Guard flag and traffic dropped by half. Should I be a normal relay or bridge relay? How do I keep the same key? How do offline ed identity keys work? What do I need to know? I want to run more than one relay. How do I run my Tor relay as an NT service? Can I run a Tor relay from my virtual server account? My relay is picking the wrong IP address.

Why is my Tor relay using so much memory? Do I get better anonymity if I run a relay? How do I prove that my server was a Tor relay at a given time? Can I donate for a relay rather than run my own? Tor onion services: How do I access onion services? How do I provide an onion service? Development: What do these weird version numbers mean? How do I set up my own private Tor network? How can I make my Java program use the Tor network?

What is Libevent? What do I need to do to get a new feature into Tor? Anonymity and Security: What protections does Tor provide? Can exit nodes eavesdrop on communications? Tell me about all the keys Tor uses. What are Entry Guards? How often does Tor change its paths? Tor uses hundreds of bytes for every IRC line. Why does netstat show these outbound connections? What about powerful blocking mechanisms Does Tor resist "remote physical device fingerprinting"?

Is Tor like a VPN? What attacks remain against onion routing? Where can I learn more about anonymity? You should let people choose their path length. You should change path selection to avoid entering and exiting from the same country. You should split each connection over many paths. You should migrate application streams across circuits. You should let the network pick the path, not the client. Your default exit policy should block unallocated net blocks too. Exit policies should be able to block websites, not just IP addresses.

You should change Tor to prevent users from posting certain content. You should use steganography to hide Tor traffic. General: What is Tor? The name "Tor" can refer to several different components. There are many reasons why the Tor network is currently slow. What can you do to help? Help make the Tor network large enough that we can handle all the users who want privacy and security on the Internet. Help us make Tor more usable. We especially need people to help make it easier to configure your Tor as a relay.

Also, we need help with clear simple documentation to walk people through setting it up. There are some bottlenecks in the current Tor network. Help us design experiments to track down and demonstrate where the problems are, and then we can focus better on fixing them. Tor needs some architectural changes too.

One important change is to start providing better service to people who relay traffic. Help do other things so we can do the hard stuff. Help find sponsors for Tor. Do you work at a company or government agency that uses Tor or has a use for Internet privacy, e. If your organization has an interest in keeping the Tor network working, please contact them about supporting Tor. Without sponsors, Tor is going to become even slower. It adds up! User support: With this many users, a lot of people are asking questions all the time, offering to help out with things, and so on.

We need good clean docs, and we need to spend some effort coordinating volunteers. Relay support: the Tor network is run by volunteers, but they still need attention with prompt bug fixes, explanations when things go wrong, reminders to upgrade, and so on. The network itself is a commons, and somebody needs to spend some energy making sure the relay operators stay happy. We also need to work on stability on some platforms — e. Usability: Beyond documentation, we also need to work on usability of the software itself.

This includes installers, clean GUIs, easy configuration to interface with other applications, and generally automating all of the difficult and confusing steps inside Tor. Usability for privacy software has never been easy. Incentives: We need to work on ways to encourage people to configure their Tors as relays and exit nodes rather than just clients.

We need to make it easy to become a relay, and we need to give people incentives to do it. Research: The anonymous communications field is full of surprises and gotchas. In our copious free time, we also help run top anonymity and privacy conferences like PETS.

Of course, there are more research questions waiting behind these. We are also excited about tackling related problems, such as censorship-resistance. You can also start Tor Browser from the command line by running. We encourage affected Sophos users to contact Sophos support about this issue.

In short, using any browser besides Tor Browser with Tor is a really bad idea. I want to run another application through Tor. How do I disable JavaScript? If you want to be extra safe, use both the about:config setting and NoScript. Tor Launcher will not try to become the primary controller. Values other than 1 have no effect. Used by Tails. If neither one is set, a random password is generated and used. So this one is not useful to set manually. Tor will exit. The bad thing might be a bug in the code, some other Tor process doing something unexpected, etc.

The operator should examine the message and try to correct the problem. It is quite loud indeed. Also make sure your time zone is correct. Is your Internet connection firewalled by port , or do you normally need to use a proxy? They could be preventing Tor from making network connections. Are you in China, or behind a restrictive corporate network firewall that blocks the public Tor relays?

Check your Tor logs. Fifth, what sort of crash do you get? Does your Tor log include an "assert failure"? Tell us the previous couple of log messages as well, especially if they seem important. If it says "Segmentation fault - core dumped" then you need to do a bit more to track it down. Look for a file like "core" or "tor. This core thing will only work on Unix -- alas, tracking down bugs on Windows is harder.

Go look at the end of your log file, and look for a core file as above. Warning: if you switch to running Tor in the foreground, you might start using a different torrc file, with a different default Data Directory; see the relay-upgrade FAQ entry for details. Do you have resource limits ulimits configured that kill off processes sometimes?

On Linux, try running "dmesg" to see if the out-of-memory killer removed your process. In very rare circumstances, hardware problems could also be the culprit. A list of preferred nodes to use for the first hop in the circuit, if possible. A list of preferred nodes to use for the last hop in the circuit, if possible. A list of nodes to never use when building a circuit. A list of nodes to never use when picking an exit. Nodes listed in ExcludeNodes are automatically in this list. So what can I do?

We describe a few solutions below. If you only need one or two hosts, or you are good at programming, you may be able to get a socks-based port-forwarder like socat to work for you; see the Torify HOWTO for examples. Tor will still give the warning, but now you know what it means. SocksListenAddress The directories notice this quickly and stop advertising the relay.

If you are uncomfortable allowing people to exit from your relay, you can set it up to only allow connections to other Tor relays. Your relay will passively estimate and advertise its recent bandwidth capacity, so high-bandwidth relays will attract more users than low-bandwidth ones.

Therefore having low-bandwidth relays is useful too. How should I configure the outgoing filters on my relay? There are two options you can add to your torrc file: BandwidthRate is the maximum long-term bandwidth allowed bytes per second. For example, you might want to choose "BandwidthRate 10 MBytes" for 10 megabytes per second a fast connection , or "BandwidthRate KBytes" for kilobytes per second a decent cable connection. The minimum BandwidthRate setting is 75 kilobytes per second.

BandwidthBurst is a pool of bytes used to fulfill requests during short periods of traffic above BandwidthRate but still keeps the average over a long period to BandwidthRate. For example, if you choose "BandwidthBurst KBytes" and also use that for your BandwidthRate, then you will never use more than kilobytes per second; but if you choose a higher BandwidthBurst like 5 MBytes , it will allow more bytes through until the pool is empty. For instance, to setup a total amount of bytes served for a week that resets every Wednesday at am , you would use: AccountingStart week 3 AccountingMax GBytes This specifies the maximum amount of data your relay will send during an accounting period, and the maximum amount of data your relay will receive during an account period.

But there are a few exceptions: If you open your DirPort, then Tor clients will ask you for a copy of the directory. Thus you may find that you are unable to browse as soon as your Tor goes into hibernation, signaled by this entry in the log: Bandwidth soft limit reached; commencing hibernation.

No new connections will be accepted The solution is to run two Tor processes - one relay and one client, each with its own config. One way to do this if you are starting from a working relay setup is as follows: In the relay Tor torrc file, simply set the SocksPort to 0. Create a new client torrc file from the torrc. One naming convention may be torrc. Your ulimit -n gets set to — high enough for Tor to keep open all the connections it needs.

An init script is included so that Tor runs at boot. Tor runs with --verify-config, so that most problems with your config file get caught. Tor can bind to low level ports, then drop privileges. I got the BadExit flag why did that happen? This is the most important one, so make sure you keep a backup in a secure place - the file is sensitive and should be protected.

Tor could encrypt it for you if you generate it manually and enter a password when asked. Many experts advise against using Windows for Tor browsing, as it has the highest number of vulnerabilities and bugs. These can be exploited to inject your system with malicious code or to compromise your confidentiality. Keeping your Tor Browser client, Tor-secured applications, and other systems updated will save you from the latest detected vulnerabilities.

Using active content on Tor is always risky. Using these on Tor may expose your data since active content applications normally run with your user account privileges. JavaScript, which is a powerful web development programming language, can be used to enable user tracking by websites despite configured proxy settings. The same goes for Java and Adobe Flash components running on virtual machines.

This is how peer-to-peer file sharing on Tor can quickly expose your identity. Still, Tor Browser provides a reliable additional layer of security to protect your privacy and anonymity. One of its vulnerabilities is that each server, which essentially operates as another relay in the Tor network, belongs to volunteers. This is mostly fine since the encryption allows each relay server to see only the locations of the last and the next.

So your location and identity could theoretically be traced by a server acting as an exit node in the Tor network. Moreover, Tor Browser is also vulnerable to several potential hacker attacks just like other browsers are. Ensure you minimize risk by following all the security tips and recommendations above. You have several options to disable certain web features that could otherwise compromise your security and anonymity.

You can access security settings by clicking the shield icon next to the URL bar. Then click on Advanced Security Settings. This disables website features often considered to be dangerous. Some sites will lose functionality. This level only allows website features required for static sites and basic services. These changes affect images, media, and scripts.

Recall that Tor passes your data from one node to another while encrypting and then re-encrypting it. By contrast, a VPN provides you with a secure, encrypted connection to a remote server elsewhere. Using both would significantly increase your chances of staying anonymous and keeping your data private.

You could still be vulnerable, though, if you use active components while browsing through the Tor network or if you share any private data while on Tor websites. Several projects allow you to access the dark web using a regular web browser. Tor2web , which uses reverse proxies to allow users to access websites with. It was launched in September , while the first public version of Tor was presented almost two years later, in August That same year, the source code of Tor was released by the Naval Research Laboratory under a free license.

The goal was to use this new technology to protect internet users in the early s from companies that wanted to collect their data. At the time, Tor Project founders became increasingly concerned with emerging companies and websites that provided their services for free in exchange for user data. Because that valuable data could be sold for profit.

So Tor Browser was publicly launched as a way for users to have full control over how their data might be used. The opposite of the dark web is the surface web also called the visible or indexable web. The surface web is the part of the internet available to everyone and searchable by the usual search engines, like Google. The dark web often conjures up images of some dark market, where illegal drugs, weapons, pornography, and various criminal services are sold.

Some of the most common legal and perfectly ethical resources exist on the dark web:. And, to state the obvious, any illegal activity stays illegal even if it was conducted on the dark web. It is the payload of the packet that is encrypted, not the whole TCP packet. When the packet leaves the exit node, the return address is the address of the exit node. Did not work for me. I have Linux. I downloaded several times. Save my name and email in this browser for the next time I comment.

Your Ultimate Guide to Tor Browser. Miklos Zoltan Fact-Checked this. What is the Tor browser? There are several main categories of Tor Browser users: Users who want to surf the web privately , without internet service providers ISPs , advertisers, and businesses mining their data. This group makes up the majority of users.

Users trying to avoid being spied on and censored. These are issues often faced by journalists and human rights activists working in regions of the world with repressive regimes. Military personnel. Certain U. How Does Tor Browser Work? How Secure Is Tor Browser?

Check out our guide on choosing the best VPNs for recommendations. Launch the. Choose your language and click OK.